High School And The Neural And Scholastic Benefits Essay

Gerald Ford said, â€Å"Music education opens doors that help children pass from school into the world around them a world of work, culture, intellectual activity, and human involvement. The future of our nation depends on providing our children with a complete education that includes music.† Music can do so much for the youth of the nation because it encourages group cooperation, independent study, and a way to relax. It has often been debated whether the benefits of music in school are significant enough to encourage continued participation in music during high school. Through years of research, professionals have consistently proven the scholastic benefits of engaging in music, as well as the neural development benefits. In this paper, I will discuss the correlation between participating in music courses in high school and the neural and scholastic benefits to students. I will also be discussing how bolstering the Hawaii public schools fine arts programs is essential to b ettering education on the islands. The main focus of this paper will be on the neural and scholastic benefits that music courses have on high school students. In regards to scholastic benefits, I will be focusing mainly on the grade performance of students partaking in music course during high school versus students who do not take music in high school. In regards to neural abilities, I will be looking at how music affects the auditory processing of information, and how the brain is affected by music. ManyShow MoreRelatedHigh School And The Neural And Scholastic Benefits Essay1298 Words   |  6 Pagesdoors that help children pass from school into the world around them a world of work, culture, intellectual activity, and human involvement. The future of our nation depends on providing our children with a complete education that includes music.† Music can do much more than just affect the morals of young adolescents. It has often been debated whether the benefits of music in school are significant enough to enc ourage continued participation in music during high school. Through years of research, professionalsRead MoreForeign Language And Foreign Languages1527 Words   |  7 Pagesspecific requirements for foreign languages in their high schools (Dounay) and even these requirements are minimal. Most of the other states give the students a choice between a foreign language, theatre arts, or art credits. Why should high schools in the United States be required to teach foreign languages? Minimal requirements in foreign language studies are part of the reason why languages are dying out. Foreign languages also have many benefits in the classroom. The studying of foreign languagesRead MoreIs Intelligence A Separate Personality Trait? Essay1873 Words   |  8 Pagescompiled by Mary Jacobsen in her book, An Gifted Adult†, she felt that the list provided a general consensus of the components included in most definitions. Initially having and using natural abilities without benefit of form al training; rapid learning; creative and productive thinking; high academic achievement; superior proficiency in one or more domains (e.g. mathematics, performing arts, and leadership). This definition not only defines giftedness is also provides for examples of intelligenceRead MoreHoward Gardner s Theory Of Multiple Intelligences Essay2556 Words   |  11 Pagescompiled by Mary Jacobsen in her book, The Gifted Adult†, she felt that the list provided a general consensus of the components included in most definitions. Initially having and using natural abilities without benefit of formal training; rapid learning; creative and productive thinking; high academic achievement; superior proficiency in one or more domains (e.g. mathematics, performing arts, and leadership). (Jacobsen 2000) This definition not only defines giftedness is also provides for examplesRead MoreEmotional Intelligence and Inner Critic4304 Words   |  18 Pageschoices we make on a daily basis. ___________ ______________ True or False 2. Mental processing for lasting learning has two dimensions: quality and quantity. _________________________ True or False 3. To create strong neural networks, successful learners connect new skills and information to prior learning. _________________________ True or False 4. Formal and informal feedback (such as scores on quizzes and getting a standing ovation for a speech) isRead MoreEssay on Autism Spectrum Disorders4121 Words   |  17 Pagestheories surrounding the cause and onset of Autism Spectrum Disorders, such as childhood vaccinations being a major contributor, have been totally refuted by scholars in recent times. Still newer schools of thought that point to a specific cause of autism but have not yet been validated rage on, such as a high content of heavy metals or lead poisoning in the human body. If nothing else, it has become clear that there is no singular cause of autism; there is no smoking gun. Furthermore, the diagnosisRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Education10000 Words   |  40 Pagesviable option? Recent deficits in student outcomes in traditionally held values of literacy and numeracy have led some schools across state, private and international sectors to adopt new focus on these areas, under very traditional measures, but with little success or improvement in educational outcomes. (ref needed) (Sawchuk, 2009). Some studies have suggested that schools have perhaps shown concern of the proliferation of technology, and in some cases, a perception by staff that the technologyRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pagesfor school. All too often, children are already lagging behind their classmates, and this circumstance can impede their continued learning and development long past kindergarten. High-quality preschool teaching contributes to children’s longrange social and academic success, as well as their ability to express themselves creatively through the arts, their capacity to engage in physically challenging activities, and their development of lifelong health habits. Children who attend high-quality High School And The Neural And Scholastic Benefits Essay Introduction Gerald Ford said, â€Å"Music education opens doors that help children pass from school into the world around them a world of work, culture, intellectual activity, and human involvement. The future of our nation depends on providing our children with a complete education that includes music.† Music can do much more than just affect the morals of young adolescents. It has often been debated whether the benefits of music in school are significant enough to encourage continued participation in music during high school. Through years of research, professionals have consistently proven the scholastic benefits of engaging in music, as well as the cognitive development benefits. In this paper I will discuss the correlation between participating in music courses in high school and the neural and scholastic benefits to students. I will also be discussing how bolstering the Hawaii public schools fine arts programs is essential to bettering education on the islands. Background The main focus of this paper will be on the neural and scholastic benefits that music courses have on high school students. In regards to scholastic benefits, I will be focusing mainly on the grade performance of students partaking in music course during high school versus students who do not take music in high school. In regards to neural abilities, I will be looking at how music affects the auditory processing of information, and how the brain is affected by music. Many educators, such as U.S.Show MoreRelatedHigh School And The Neural And Scholastic Benefits Essay1626 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom school into the world around them a world of work, culture, intellectual activity, and human involvement. The future of our nation depends on providing our children with a complete education that includes music.† Music can do so much for the youth of the nation because it encourages group cooperation, independent study, and a way to relax. It has often been debated whether the benefits of music in school are significant enough to encourage continued participation in music during high schoolRead MoreForeign Language And Foreign Languages1527 Words   |  7 Pagesspecific requirements for foreign languages in their high schools (Dounay) and even these requirements are minimal. Most of the other states give the students a choice between a foreign language, theatre arts, or art credits. Why should high schools in the United States be required to teach foreign languages? Minimal requirements in foreign language studies are part of the reason why languages are dying out. Foreign languages also have many benefits in the classroom. The studying of foreign languagesRead MoreIs Intelligence A Separate Personality Trait? Essay1873 Words   |  8 Pagescompiled by Mary Jacobsen in her book, An Gifted Adult†, she felt that the list provided a general consensus of the components included in most definitions. Initially having and using natural abilities with out benefit of formal training; rapid learning; creative and productive thinking; high academic achievement; superior proficiency in one or more domains (e.g. mathematics, performing arts, and leadership). This definition not only defines giftedness is also provides for examples of intelligenceRead MoreHoward Gardner s Theory Of Multiple Intelligences Essay2556 Words   |  11 Pagescompiled by Mary Jacobsen in her book, The Gifted Adult†, she felt that the list provided a general consensus of the components included in most definitions. Initially having and using natural abilities without benefit of formal training; rapid learning; creative and productive thinking; high academic achievement; superior proficiency in one or more domains (e.g. mathematics, performing arts, and leadership). (Jacobsen 2000) This definition not only defines giftedness is also provides for examplesRead MoreEmotional Intelligence and Inner Critic4304 Words   |  18 Pageschoices we make on a daily basis. _________________________ True or False 2. Mental processing for lasting learning has two dimensions: quality and quantity. _________________________ True or False 3. To create strong neural networks, successful learners connect new skills and information to prior learning. _________________________ True or False 4. Formal and informal feedback (such as scores on quizzes and getting a standing ovation for a speech) isRead MoreEssay on Autism Spectrum Disorders4121 Words   |  17 Pagestheories surrounding the cause and onset of Autism Spectrum Disorders, such as childhood vaccinations being a major contributor, have been totally refuted by scholars in recent times. Still newer schools of thought that point to a specific cause of autism but have not yet been validated rage on, such as a high content of heavy metals or lead poisoning in the human body. If nothing else, it has become clear that there is no singular cause of autism; there is no smoking gun. Furthermore, the diagnosisRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Education10000 Words   |  40 Pagesviable option? Recent deficits in student outcomes in traditionally held values of literacy and numeracy have led some schools across state, private and international sectors to adopt new focus on these areas, under very traditional measures, but with little success or improvement in educational outcomes. (ref needed) (Sawchuk, 2009). Some studies have suggested that schools have perhaps shown concern of the proliferation of technology, and in some cases, a perception by staff that the technologyRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pagesfor school. All too often, children are already lagging behind their classmates, and this circumstance can impede their continued learning and development long past kindergarten. High-quality preschool teaching contributes to children’s longrange social and academic success, as well as their ability to express themselves creatively through the arts, their capacity to engage in physically challenging activities, and their development of lifelong health habits. Children who attend high-quality

Leadership Styles And Purposes Leadership - 857 Words

Essay 1.[LO 1] Process, Practices and Purposes Leadership Answer 1: Leadership clearly defines as the action of leading a group of people or an organization, or ability to lead. Here I discuss two styles of leadership that is: †¢ Autocratic Leadership †¢ Participative Leadership Below I discuss each style in details with example 1. Autocratic Leadership This style of leadership is described by controlling the individuals of the team over all choices and little contribution from the team leader in the association. This authority style has gotten to be something of a vestige in today s modern conditions for businesses. The reason for this is because most of the representatives work better without the bossiness of their supervisor around†¦show more content†¦2. Participative Leadership: This style of leadership builds up a cheerful way of going through the strategies for a business to work. The supervisors with participative style back-off and permit their team member to tap their inventively and think freely, while as yet keeping up enough control to direct the general vision of groups without forcing their own vision on their choices. To put it plainly, leaders give them a considerably more prominent lead and are all the more trusting of choices. It enhances the comprehension of issues required by the individuals who must complete their choices. Certain individuals are more dedicated to activities where they have included in the significant leadership. Participative managers are not so much aggressive but rather more community oriented when taking a shot at joint objectives. At the point when managers settle on choices made by the team and all agreed on that together, the social duty to each other is more prominent and subsequently expands their dedication to the choice. A few people choosing together settle on preferred choices over one individual alone. Example: Donald Trump The personality itself seen as more of a dictator rather than an executive, TrumpShow MoreRelatedM3.10 Introduction to Leadership and M3.36 Leading a Team Effectively966 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION TO LEADERSHIP AND M3.36 LEADING A TEAM EFFECTIVELY Criteria Descriptors Connect the team with vision and strategy †¢ Explain the importance of the team having a common sense of purpose that supports the overall vision and strategy of the organisation or project †¢ Explain the key role that communication plays in establishing a common sense of purpose and assess the effectiveness of own communication skills Referral †¢ What is meant by ‘having a common sense of purpose’ is not addressedRead MoreCore Elements Of Strategic Leadership Essay1379 Words   |  6 Pages2 The core elements of strategic leadership The above provides the basis for understanding strategic leadership, as it helps to forge the basis components of what the style is about. In order to go deeper into the workings of the framework, you need to examine the different components of it. In this section, we’ll first explore the essential components of the leadership style, before outlining the key steps a strategic leader needs to take for the framework to work efficiently and effectively. Read MoreTransformational Leaders : Organizational Values, Aspirations, And Ethical Measurement1428 Words   |  6 Pagesthe leadership and the followership. The developments further drive the followership to accomplish the necessary right and appropriate good that falls within the vision and mission of the organization. Believing in the core organizational values, the transformational leader expects high performance from the followers. The followers enter the process of being a transformational leader by adding increasing influence, inspiration, and intellectual stimulation from the leader. This leadership styleRead MoreThe Difference between a Leader and a Manager885 Words   |  4 PagesDecision making can be perceived to be the only defined hallmark of a genuine leader. This relates tour understanding of leadership as a verb; something we do as opposed to what we are. This narrow definition however, misses the point that leadership is not necessarily the function or role of only a leader rather, leadership as a concept represent the coming together of many component including organization hierarchy, strategy and those prepared to follow and enact. It is not simply enough thereforeRead MoreEthical Leadership Styles As Tools For Influencing Organizational Culture751 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to discuss ethical leadership styles as tools for influencing organizational culture while respecting the diversity of cultures embodied by employees. The variety of leadership styles are because of the cultural influences, people of different cultures have diverse beliefs and expectations about what is perceived as effective leadership (Jogulu, 2010). Due to the global environment were organizations operate, it is necessary to identify leadership models that willRead MoreAuthentic Leadership : Leadership Theory And The Work Of Bass And Steildmeier1259 Words   |  6 PagesAuthentic Leadership Similar to servant leadership, authentic leadership has developed from questionable business practices and general societal fear and uncertainty in times of peril (Northouse, 2016). One of the newer areas of leadership, authentic leadership has risen from the search for honest, trustworthy, and positive leadership approaches (Northouse, 2016; Nyberg Sveniningsson, 2014). According to Northouse (2016), the concept of authentic leadership originates from transformational leadershipRead MoreEssay on Applied Business Research Case Study935 Words   |  4 Pagesthe world’s biggest corporations to failure, researchers and business leaders realize the need for ethical and sound leadership. The need for ethical and sound leadership helps to facilitate and manage daily operations and to sustain their competitive advantage within the global economy. However, with this evolution, numerous research studies add to the understanding of leadership theories and the effects on organization al climate and culture. The following findings concentrate on research limitationsRead MoreIlm Leadership859 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Assessing your own leadership capability and performance (M5.29) 5 6 Assessment criteria (the learner can) 1.1 Review the prevailing leadership styles in the organisation Assess the impact of the prevailing leadership styles on the organisation’s values and performance Level: Credit value: Learning outcomes (the learner will) 1 Understand leadership styles within an organisation 1.2 2 Be able to review effectiveness of own leadership capability and performance in meetingRead MoreMalaysian Leadership Style and Employees Organizational Commitment 953 Words   |  4 PagesBibliographical Entry Lo, M.C., Ramayah, T., and Min, H.W., (2009). Leadership styles and organizational commitment: a test on Malaysia manufacturing industry. African Journal of Marketing Management, 1 (6), 133-139. Problem In Malaysia it was a common complaint that employees were no more loyal as they used to be in the passed. Employees would tend to leave their companies for slightly better pay due to low commitment. Hence, the biggest challenge for Malaysian organizations was to provoke aRead MoreThe Effect Of Leadership On Performance Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Various research efforts have aimed to examine the effects of leadership on performance. In recent times, however, the emerging focus on leadership has particularly been on leadership styles. Beginning from business organizations, the influence of leadership styles has been studied even in educational settings. Among the leadership styles that have received significant coverage is the transformational leadership style. It is of significance for one to have the ability to analyze the research

Christian Dior Free Essays

Did you know there was another world war after World War II? It brought the American and British government into the fashion world. They were faced against Christian Dior and The New Look of 1947. As he brought out the infamous hourglass figure on to runways, it sparked a fire in pop culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Christian Dior or any similar topic only for you Order Now The look gave women around the world femininity and featured their cinched waist, accented bust and fulfillment pleated skirt. With the launch of Door’s first collection, in February 1947, he turned the fashion world upside down with a bold stroke. Christian Dior (19051957) founder of Dior Company, commonly known for selling French luxurious goods was a very gifted man. As Europe was overcoming the horrors of World War II, Dior presented his very first collection to the press at 42. After 6 horrible years of women wearing gloomy, tasteless clothes, Dior wanted to give them their taste back with lightheartedness and the art of seduction. The style of the suits and dresses focuses on soft shoulders, a sleepyheads bodice, a narrow waist, and a full skirt flaring out from the hips to touch the medical. The deteriorating of Harpers Bazaar Caramel Snow had extreme faith in the designer as she exclaimed, â€Å"It’s quite a revolution, dear Christian! Your dresses have such a new look! † at his first show. She then cabled the brilliant slogan to her editor, and within two days, it caused shock waves to pass through both sides of the Atlantic. Women all around the world raced to have this fashionable, elegant suit made for themselves. America and Britain were not happy because during the war, there were government regulations that dictated men and omens fashion. Women were given a lean, boyish silhouette 10 years prior to WI and now the women’s figure had become exaggerated and glorified. The material needed for the skirts and coats were excessive amounts and you would need several yards of fabric Just to make the petticoat. American and British government tried to persuade women not to wear The New Look and many women criticized it by saying it was wasteful, expensive and unpatriotic. Britain had tried to deny it existed and their government banned Vogue from publishing about The New Look or Dior in the world renown fashion magazine. In France, Britain and the US, if you were found wearing The New Look, on the street you would be harassed if you were an early wearer. In America, there was disapproval of the very idea of importing from abroad. Not only did the government fight back towards Dior, but citizens started to do the same. While Dior was on his American tour to promote his line, he was pushed away from the Chicago train station by angry housewives who were holding signs up saying things like â€Å"Burn Monsieur Dior! â€Å", â€Å"Christian Dior go home! . He had similar encounters in Louisville, Loadable, and Georgia. But there were few exceptions. The British Embassy held a secret session in Paris in 1947, where Princess Margaret was shown Door’s creations for her and her sister for social events. The New Look had soon become about opulence and wealth, and though only the opulent could wear it, he brought color after the dark days of the war Just usin g a few strokes of a pencil. As Dior lived his golden years from 1947 to 1957, he had evolutionism fashion and brought back elegance to the fashion industry. Though The New Look was extremely controversial and expensive, it went world wide within one short week. By spring of 1948, The New Look had worked its seductive charms and the extravagant dresses were absolutely everywhere. The New Look slowly grew on both Britain and the US as it proved that it was making citizens happier and giving out Jobs. â€Å"Women, with their sure instincts, realized that my intention was to make them not just more beautiful but also happier,† Dior later said. How to cite Christian Dior, Papers

Lamb to the Slaughter and The speckled Band share some of the characteristics of murder mysteries Essay Example For Students

Lamb to the Slaughter and The speckled Band share some of the characteristics of murder mysteries Essay Lamb to the Slaughter and The speckled Band share some of the characteristics of murder mysteries. Explain the similarities and differences between the two stories and say which you think is the most compelling to read. Roald Dahl wrote the story Lamb to the Slaughter in 1954. Dahl is best known for his short, entertaining childrens stories like James and the Giant Peach and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, which are both extremely popular. He wrote Lamb to the Slaughter 1 year after he married Hollywood actress Patricia Neal. Dahl was born in September 1916 in Llandaff, South Wales. His father was a shipbroker and Dahl was the third born of a second marriage. Both of Dahls parents came from Norwegian backgrounds and his love for stories came from the stories his mother told him at bedtime, which were usually Norse myths and legends. Each summer his family would travel, by steamer, to Oslo on a two-day voyage, where they would be treated to a Norwegian feast be Dahls grandparents. The next day they would board a smaller boat and travel to the magic island where they washed away the long summer days bathing and sailing. This childhood is where Dahl got his love for short, exiting stories! He loved the bedtime stories and the trips to Oslo and the magic island, he probably started writing some of his stories in places like this. He usually wrote childrens stories; this background is where this came from. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote the Speckled Band in 1842. Doyle is more popularly remembered as the creator of the legendary detective, Sherlock Holmes. He wrote this story a year before his alcoholic fathers death. Doyle took up medicine as a career when he left school at the age of 18. This explains his scientific knowledge within the stories. Soon after leaving school, he began to help his mother by becoming her medical assistant. He compressed a whole years study into six months. In August 1881 he received his bachelor of medicine and master of surgery awards, this started his career as he opened his own surgery, at which he created Sherlock Holmes during his wait for customers. This does not really explain his writing style, but it seems as if he was quite interested in detectives and he had a lot of spare time, so this must have been his main influence. The victim in Lamb to the Slaughter is Patrick Maloney. He was married to Mary Maloney in a seemingly loving relationship. He was killed when Mary Maloney hit him over the head with a leg of lamb that she was going to cook for supper. I started to suspect something was wrong when, on the evening of his death Patrick Maloney did an unusual thing. He finished his drink very quickly and then poured himself out another very strong one. Another clue that may suggest that something is wrong is that he takes a  long time to reply to his wife he didnt answer, Her eyes waited on him for an answer, a smile, a little nod, but he made no sign. He had finished the second drink and was staring down into the glass, frowning. In the Speckled Band the victim is Miss Helen Stoner, Dr Grimesby Roylotts daughter. When we first see Helen in the story she was wearing black, veiled and grey haired. She was shivering and terrified we could see that she was indeed in a pitiable state of agitation, her face all drawn and grey, with a restless frightened eyes, like of those of some hunted animal, the lady gave a violent start, It is fear, Mr Holmes. It is terror. Helen was scared that her father would do the same to her as he did to her sister, kill! In Lamb to the Slaughter the murderer was Mary Maloney. Mary Maloney was pregnant and looked beautiful Her skinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦for this was her sixth month with a childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦had acquired a wonderful translucent quality, the mouth was soft and the eyes, with their placid look, seemed larger, darker than before. Her motive for murdering her husband was a little unknown conversation, where I think he told her he was leaving her for someone else. Mary didnt get caught because the detectives in the story wee gullible, and ate the evidence while looking for it, A Newspaper Article on The Murder of Mrs. Tyler By Lennie Smalls EssayIn Lamb to the Slaughter, the murderer, Mary Maloney gets away with killing Patrick very easily. She wasnt suspected at all. At first she was sad and got over this by going to the shop and coming back, to act surprised that Patrick was dead. This doesnt usually happen in murder mysteries. I think she was clever how she managed to dispose of the evidence. What else is unusual  is that the murderer was a 6-month pregnant woman. In The Speckled Band the murderer, Dr Grimesby Roylott, gets killed by the snake, his secret murder weapon. I think he deserved to get killed because it gave him a taste of his own medicine and he is sick, twisted and does not care for any one apart from himself. I like my murder mysteries to have a twist at the end and that good usually wins. The most exciting part of Lamb to the Slaughter was when Mary Maloney hit her husband over the head with a leg of lamb. At that point, Mary Maloney simply walked up behind him and without and pause she swung the big frozen leg of lamb on the air and brought it down as hard as she could on the back of his head. The part which made me carry on reading the story was when Patrick Maloney was going to tell Mary the bad news This is going to be a bit of a shock to you, Im afraid he said but Ive thought about it a good deal and Ive decided the only thing to do is to tell you right away. I hope you wont blame me too much. The most exciting part of The Speckled Band was when the snake killed Dr Grimesby Roylott. His chin was cocked upwards, and his eyes were fixed in a dreadful rigid stare at the corner of the ceiling. Round his brow he had a peculiar yellow band, with brownish speckles, which seemed to be bound tightly round his head. As we entered he made neither sound nor movement. Another part, which made me want to read on, was when Doctor Roylott followed Helen to Holmes office Dont you dare meddle with my affairs. The Speckled Band is set in Victorian times. We know this because it uses old language, and difficult words. We also know this because dogcarts were around in this time. There is no dog cart which throws up mud in that way. You can tell the Lamb to the Slaughter is set in the 80s because the language used is modern. In the story there is also a car tyres on the gravel outside, and a thermos bucket Fresh ice in the Thermos Bucket. They both show that the story was set in the 1980s. I dont think it is unusual that there are no female detectives because both before and after the 1900s and during half of the 20th centaury women were only thought of as house wives and who only listen to their father who would have no say in anything. Both stories are extremely compelling to read. For the younger reader, Lamb to the Slaughter would be the best as it is very short with easy language. But, I would rather read The Speckled Band as it has some difficult language and I like the way Holmes always gets his  murderer. It is great to see how Holmes puts the clues together to find the killer.

Nationalism Essay free essay sample

Alex Cheveldave â€Å"But I find that the time has probably come for us to realize what we have in common. Because living together and being part of a country, being part of a nation, means being able to project ourselves and relate to common values, to certain principles, to our institutions also. †   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Governor General Michaelle Jean To what extent have historical and contemporary examples of nationalism in Canada shown the same perspective as the source above? The source is a quote from Governor General, Michaelle Jean on how a country can be related. As we start to find common ground with each other, we will grow as a nation. She states that â€Å"living together and being part of a country, being part of a nation means being able to project ourselves and relate to common values, to certain principles, to our institutions also. †   In simpler words Michaelle Jean is saying that over time the country of Canada has came to be a nation by projecting ourselves as one and relating through interests and events both historically and contemporary. We will write a custom essay sample on Nationalism Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By the common values being evident in Canada it helps us to take part in events that will shape the nation. Many famous events can help to support the interests and perspectives of Michaelle Jean. The best way to learn about and help to form any nation, is to find common values to create a more recognizable relationship. This is a good way to learn how people in Canada live as well. Canadian history provides a look into how the nation became strong and recognized. Every society has values, which make it unique and are important to its members. It is impossible to provide a simple description of Canadian culture and Canadian values. Vimy Ridge, 1917, proved Canada to be a strong part in WWI. The Battle of Vimy Ridge put the Canadian Military on the map as a noticeable and powerful institution. An institution is any structure or mechanism of social order and cooperation governing the behavior of a set of individuals within a given community. Canada being brought together through similar values helped to create an institution of Canadian Military. The Canadian Troops took Vimy Ridge April 12th, 1917. They pushed forward as a group with the principle to successfully complete their task. Coming into the battle Canada was seen as a weak point. A group of a below average. The Battle of Vimy Ridge began at dawn on Easter Monday, April 9, 1917, when all four divisions of the Canadian Corps attacked Vimy Ridge above the Douai Plain in France. The Canadian Military institution seen vimy ridge as a common goal, it was something that everyone in the nation wanted. It was a battle that would help to finish WWI. As a canadian institution it was necessary to take Vimy Ridge. It represented Canada as a powerful war allie that soon led to gaining allies. The Battle of Vimy Ridge was the biggest single Allied advance on the Western front up to that point in WWI. A value comes from within. Values is used to determine what kind of person you are. The FLQ crisis was a perfect example of how the Canadian population grouped together with similar values and faced troubles from another group with different values. In October of 1970 there was an FLQ crisis also called the October Crisis that was run by the FLQ. What is the FLQ and what does it stand for? The FLQ stands for Front de Liberation du Quebec, is a group of people that were trained in Cuba to be terrorists on our home soil. Canada seen this group of terrorists as nothing but a group with opposing values, and goals. Their goal was to try to force the government of Canada to let the province of Quebec create a government of their own. As Quebec tried to do this the nation of Canada came together creating a brotherhood to shutdown the attempts of Quebec. By having nation wide common values, the group of terrorists trained by Cuba were immediately pushed away do to the difference in opinions. During the October Crisis the War Measures Act was introduced for self-defense because the FLQ group was getting so out of hand. The attempt of Quebec trying to disband as a province of Canada, helped to create its independence. Canada became a nation of common values. The source that was given by Michaelle Jean, stating her opinion on the relationship between Canadians. That being said, she is not suggesting that all Canadians get along and cooperate together. It is the complications of values and the importance of specific beliefs between the larger groups within Canada. From the beginning sentence of the source Michaelle Jean believes â€Å"that the time has probably come for us to realize what we have in common† giving the fairly obvious perspective that the people of Canada need to further connect in a positive manner. NATIONALISM!!

The relationship between effective feedback and customer satisfaction

The relationship between effective feedback and customer satisfaction Executive Summary The following paper is a thought experiment, a work in progress that is unfolding as I observe today’s dynamic industries struggle to exploit multiple avenues to respond to customer complains. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of feedback system as one of the mechanism that supports functional element of organizational climate.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The relationship between effective feedback and customer satisfaction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The study methodology uses a trail group consisting of 35 members from the United States, Philadelphia region dispersed across a variety of demographic location and environments to determine how companies A, B and C quickly respond to their complains. The trial attempted to measure how fast companies A,B, C effectiveness responded to customers’ complains in relation to their defective devices in service industry perspective, and to evaluate the collective processes and outcomes. To effectively measure feedback system performance and satisfaction, the study uses variables that included technical-customer support, action orientation, phone-based technical support and information exchange. Changes in subject cognition were assessed using a series of conceptual model to measure reliability of the results obtained. Results of this study did however demonstrate that companies that engaged in feedback system and actively involved in strategic activities that requires introduction of innovative products and outreach program that mitigate customer problems before they occur reported high returns. Our conclusive results reveal that all the variables that related to feedback system positively linked to customer satisfaction. This study provides evidence of a relationship between effective feedback system in relation to solving customers’ complains and customer satisfaction. Introductio n Feedback system remains to be the most significant factor of organisational climate in resolving customer complains. For example, majority of computer companies in the United States continued to expand their products through implementation of effective and up to date feedback system.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since many companies are thriving to survive through the competitive markets, many new and efficient products are such as iPod, Mac, iPhone are being introduced to the markets everyday. These products are reported to be widely successful due to the organisations’ communication system. This requires the organisation to implement effective feedback system with eminent good customer support that quickly responds to customers complains (Kaplan, 2006). The three companies assessment results present us an investigative framework to examine extend to which service firm utilises customer satisfaction data obtained from formal feedback mechanism. The essay further explores the effectiveness of feedback system using a questionnaire methodology to find out the relationship between overall feedback and customer satisfaction in computer companies in the United States (Fred, 2001): Fox, 2004). Literature Review Feedback system Lately, the three companies have been using feedback system for paying out customers with defective machines. For example, one of the Company’s products â€Å"iMac† was widely reported for to be giving clients problems and the company responded by giving 15% refund bonuses to all faulty 27 inch iMac in the UK and was also reported to extend $300 apologies to all its aggrieved customers in the US. In resolving the issue, the company responded quickly by offering free repairs to all the affected machines and launched a support page where it described how minor problems could be resolved and the re sulting warranty extension for each affected machine. The company also reimbursed customers who used their own money to repair the faulty machines and advised them take their drives to official company repair channels (Moore Knight, 2010; O’Reilly Anderson, 1980). Technical Customer Support The three service companies in our investigative analysis ranged top in customer satisfaction with phone-based technical support, communication, face-to-face communication, email communication, and information exchange in the American Consumer Satisfaction index (ASCI) in the second quarter of 2009. These companies were credited for offering the best technical customer satisfaction service within the Personal Computers category with a base score of 77 on a 100 point scale and earned 83 points in the second quarter of 2006. Business analysts have argued that the companies’ ability to focus on product innovation and customer satisfaction has won the company loyal customers compared to other PC vendors. Quality of customer service is always the determining factor for success of any company and not its products, and the three companies for this case have gained tremendously from such strategy. Van Amburg, the managing director of the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) argues that customers from other service providers were very frustrated with company’s customer service despite the quality of its PC hence loss of loyal customers and the services continued to deteriorate as years went by (Moore Knight 2010; Keizer 2009; Szmigin, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The relationship between effective feedback and customer satisfaction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In ensuring quality satisfaction in information collection, the companies launched Consumer Privacy Policy that ensures the collection, use and disclosure of personal information regarding customer issues are k ept at optimum security. The company pledges to safeguard personal information collected when visiting the company’s website, purchase of products and services and when a customer calls the sales team or support associates. Personal information collected here is aimed at helping the company deliver higher customer service and provide convenient access to company’s products and services (Apple, 2010; Levitan, 2004; Prasaad, 2009). The companies were reported to collect personal information in various occasions such as 1). Phone conversations with customer service representative and for this case, customer’s complains regarding downloading software updates or purchasing products may be collected 2). When customers interact with a service provider, information such as names, phone number, mailing address may be collected 3). Personal information may also be collected for market research purposes for example a client may be asked how often their use their computer a nd where they use it at. 4). Information regarding faulty devices was also collected on company’s website, iTune stores and MobileMe stores. The company then uses the data improve products and determine how best to provide useful information (Apple, 2010; Hewlett-Packard Development Company, 2010). The companies were said to partner with other service vendors such as MobileMe and iTunes stores to help in collection of information by requiring customers to customer’s to create an â€Å"phone company ID† before purchase of products. The ID is strategy is designed to help customers have easier access to web services and saves them time since they don’t have to give their personal information when requesting for services. The procedure requires creation of personal profiles by adding the name, phone number, email address or credit card number together with a suitable password that will be used to access the profile. Once the signing up procedure is completed, the customer is allocated personal ID and a password that the system generates automatically. Therefore next time the customer enters the website to re-purchases products is welcomed by personal greetings by mentioning his name and is able to access up to date information regarding the product purchased which can be used wherever the client goes (Apple, 2010).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Action Orientation Companies are increasing exposed to intense pressure to deliver and better their feedback system. The intense competition requires companies to employ full array of management skills, ranging from managing people to communication. The end results are then used for analysis to help managers polish their skills. Here, action orientation packages, strategies and tools and timely guidelines are implemented to help managers and public relation representatives improve on their skills (Harvard Business Review, 2004; Purde, 2008). Phone-Based Technical Support The three companies were ranked among the best service providers in customer satisfaction with phone-based technical support hence the reason for using their data for analysis. Telephone conversations have always been regarded as traditional feedback system tools that improve customer loyalty. Due to the increased competition in service industries, economic pressures continue to squeeze these companies to ensure cus tomer satisfaction has reached peak point. Since majority of customer service professionals engage most of their time resolving customers’ issues and problems rather than engaging in proactive customer support, Levitan (2004) proposes the companies to try and reach the customer before they become frustrated and dissatisfied with automated calls. In addition, companies are required to be more involved in strategic strategies that involve introduction of innovative products and outreach program that mitigate customer problems before they occur (Herington Jacquot, 2005; Galindo et al, 2009, p.2839; Bettman, 2005). Information Exchange Cookies These companies admit to using cookies on its website as a strategy of keeping statistics on what parts of the websites are most hit and how much time clients spend on the website for purposes of product improvement. Secondly, cookies help in tracking the effectiveness of online advertising and for studying online traffic patterns. Thirdly , when personal details like the IP address is tracked, cookies may be used to customise customers’ experiences by offering services that can be found within the client’s location. For example, when a customer visits the sales website, support representatives lets the visitor register their name by signing up so that they can be referred by name next time they visit the website and even offered the opportunity to choose the country and language they wish to shop in hence increasing their online experience (Apple, 2010). Information collected Internet from log flies such as Protocal address is used for market surveys and indirect marketing purposes. Email is also considered as an effective marketing strategy if used appropriately. These companies for this case send emails to clients with â€Å"click-through URL† that links customers to the company’s products when clicked through. When the customer links through various links, cookies enable the company det ermine particular group’s interest and the effectiveness of customer’s feedback system (Apple, 2010; Dell, 2010). Pixel Tags Pixel tags are embedded graphics designed to provide reports on customer activities which help companies improve their services, keep track opened emails to avoid future spamming and keep customers up to date with software downloads and new company products (Apple, 2010). Publicly displayed information is public The three companies in our analysis used public information posted in chat rooms and bulletin boards as a feedback mechanism to improve their services, however, it claims to hold no responsibility for any misuse of such information by third parties. In a statement, Apple (2010) states that companies may help us process information, extend credit, fulfil customer orders, deliver products to you, manage and enhance customer data, provide customer service, assess your interest in our products and services, or conduct customer research or sat isfaction surveys (online). The companies are therefore delegated the responsibility of ensuring clients’ personal information kept in accordance to company’s policies of confidentiality (Apple, 2010). Methodology This study involved a secondary analysis of an existing data set developed from questionnaires of members in the Philadelphia region. The trail group consisted of 35 members from three computer companies across United States were dispersed across a variety of demographic location and environments to determine how fast companies A, B and C responded to their technical complains in relation their satisfaction. The trial attempted to measure the effectiveness of feedback system, and to evaluate the collective process and outcomes of customer satisfaction using conceptual model. Consumers participated in the surveys by calling, emailing and information exchange to reach the company’s customer support. Using survey data and call statistics from the three se rvice companies, the customers were required to complete a survey about their support experience and then pass the information to three interviewers. The interviewers were trained to the effective data collection methods of collecting timely and actionable feedback system that will positively impact customer service quality. The research relied on quantitative methods that focused on ascertaining feedback system tools employed by companies in their every day interactions. The independent variable in this study was feedback intervention as a key strategy to resolving customer complains. Table 1 provides more detailed analysis of participants’ feedback in relation to services they received from the three service companies. During the interview, each participant identified six functional deficits that most affected the companies’ functional performance in resolving their problems. The question was phrased as; â€Å"To what extent do you agree or disagree with the followi ng statements according to your computer service provider?† Participants rescored each problem area during the test administrations as indicated in table 1. The research uses quantitative tools that involve Statistical Package for Social Sciences in recording actual evidence and records. The quantitative technique used here will confirm the hypothesis and the relationship between the chosen variables. Questionnaires were chosen as our quantitative tool to collect data. It contained six multiple choice questions. The first questions were chosen on the three companies data based on products and services. The six questionnaire questions were aimed at measuring customer’s perception regarding their experiences with their service provider companies and the results were recorded using a five-point scale that ranged from 1 for â€Å"strongly disagree† to 5 for â€Å"strongly agree†. TABLE 1: Frequency of performance deficit from companies A, B and C performance m easures (N=35) Categories derived from deficits identified by Participants Frequency Percentages Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Strongly Agree Do I get through customer representatives by phone 5 25 1 2 3 4 5 Does companies A,B,C follow through the problems 1 5 1 2 3 4 5 Does your company offer repair services for free 3 15 2 2 3 4 5 Does the company performing routine activities of faulty devices 1 5 1 2 3 4 5 Do I feel supported when I have technical problems 5 25 1 2 3 4 5 Does the company remember customer problems and faces 6 30 1 2 3 4 5 Participants Thirty five customers aged 18 to 55 consisting of both male and female from Philadelphia region were voluntarily recruited for the study. All participants were required to have purchased the company’s products and used them for a period of not less than one year. Participants were unaware of the experimental hypothesis before the experiment. To participate, volunteers needed to have forwarded a t echnical problem to the customer support department and to have lived in the community for the same period. Conceptual Framework The research builds on conceptual framework to focus on in our methodology and data analysis. The results however show a strong relationship between effective feedback system and customer satisfaction in companies. The study proposed three hypotheses which included; Action orientation is positively related to feedback system Technical-customer support is positively related to feedback system Information exchange is positively related to feedback system Phone-based support is positively related to feedback system Data Analysis and Findings Companies spend huge portions of their earnings to manage their corporate image. And in many cases, the image of how people perceive the company in terms of customer satisfaction is given top priority. Customer service has of lately been considered as â€Å"industry buzzword† and companies that don’t give their customers quality services are starting to loose customer every fortnight. It’s actually difficult to measure customer satisfaction if companies are instead hiring public relation representatives to cover up their problems. To measure the feedback system in relations to customer satisfaction, the research sifted through personal surveys and previous studies as well as real life experiences of customers, to come up three best service companies and 10 sample questionnaires for customer service (Inside CRM Editors, 2010, p.1). Data of this survey were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software (version 13). Mean, medium, mode, standard deviation and variance were used to test the hypothesis to determine the relationship between effective feedback system and customer satisfaction and its variables (technical customer support, phone based technical support, action orientation and information exchange) in computer companies. Feedback Syste m Technical Customer Support Phone-based Technical Support Action orientation Information Exchange N Valid 35 35 35 35 35 Missing 0 0 0 0 0 Mean 24.28 4.83 4.01 6.02 5.76 Median 26.06 3 4 6 4 Mode 31a 5 5 7 5 Std. Deviation 5.401 .796 3.321 4.650 2.092 Variance 45.398 .005 1.181 1.008 1.80 Minimum 3 4 4 4 4 Maximum 36 3 5 5 5 The summary shows that there are 35 valid responses entered in the software (n=35). According to Moore Knight (2010), customers found it easier to reach agent in 2009 than it was in the previous year. On phone conversations, customers reported satisfaction as there were less connectivity problems with automated calls compared to the previous years. These company changes positively related to customer satisfaction since there was an increase of 9% with agent services and a 17% improvement in customer satisfaction in automated calls. The rising levels of customer satisfaction in these companies demonstrated the correlation between effective feedback system and service customer satisfaction. When complex consumer electronics become defective, customer often need fast, confident, effective and friendly support (Lumbue, 2008). Discussion and Recommendation One of the companies with defective software products was reported to extended its repair period for the affected Macs three years from the date of purchase, which is indeed a very good customer service any company could offer its clients since many extends up to the warrant period. This strategy will instantly regain the trust of iPhone users hence more sales of their products. The companies should also look into giving away unlimited online storage, this way clients will be able to take advantage of MobileMe services and the cost of providing this support will come down. For instance if the company gave customers free storage amount of 30GB and maybe charge a reasonable fee of $5 a year, in the long run the company would be benefiting from low cost of providing suppor t. Lastly, the company should open up user feedback and blogging on MobileMe devices so that users could make suggestions for improvements. To improve the quality of telephone conversations, companies should try and reach customers before they become frustrated and dissatisfied with automated calls. Companies are required to be more involved in strategic strategies that involve introduction of innovative products and outreach program that mitigate customer problems before they occur (Etherington, 2010; Purdue, 2008). Conclusion The study proves that companies must understand the importance of feedback system and how to leads to customer satisfaction. Other forms of data collection that includes technical customer support, phone based technical support, action orientation and information exchanges are all effective feedback systems which must be utilized to reach the overall organisational success. The study demonstrated the ability of simple mechanisms such as effective feedback sys tem affect customer satisfaction contrary to the past scholars concerns on history, ethnography, or ritual studies. Quality of customer service is always the determining factor for success of any company and not its products, and the three companies for this case have gained tremendously from such strategy. Due to the increased competition in service industries, economic downturns continue to pressure companies to ensure customer satisfaction reaches peak point. Since majority of customer service professionals engage most of their time resolving customers’ issues and problems rather than engaging in proactive customer support, companies should try and reach customers before they become frustrated and dissatisfied with automated calls. References Apple.(2010). Apple Customer Privacy Policy. Available at; apple.com/legal/privacy/. Acessed april 14, 2010 Bettman. R. (2005). Next deal. Psychology and Marketing, June. Dell. (2010). Service Information. Available at; http://support .dell.com/support/topics/global.aspx/support/my_systems_info/details. Etherington, D. (2010). Apple admits MacBook hard drives defective, offers free repair program. Available at; http://theappleblog.com/2010/02/17/apple-admits-macbook-hard-drives-defective-offers-free-repair-program/. Fox, E. (2004). American Marketing Association. Journal of Marketing Research, February, 1 Fred, W. (2001). Customer intimacy-pick your partner, shape your culture, win  together. New Delhi:Prentice Hall. Galindo, E. S., Santos, W., Maciel, P., Galdino, S. (2009). Synthetic workload generation for capacity planning for virtual server environment. IEEE  International Conference on Systems, October, 2837-2842. Harvard Business Review. (2004). Face-to-Face communication for clarity and  impacts: The results-driven managers series. Available at; http://hbr.org/product/face-to-face-communications-for-clarity-and-impact/an/3477-PBK-ENG?Ntt=Ram+Charan. Herington, D., Jacquot, B. (2005). The HP virtua l server environment: Making the  adaptive enterprise vision a reality in your Datacenter. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Hewlett-Packard Development Company. (2010). Overcoming the no. 1 challenge in  data center transformation. Available at; http://h20338.www2.hp.com/enterprise/us/en/messaging/feature-sftwr-datacenter-bsa.html. Inside CRM Editors (2010). The 10 Best (and Worst) Companies for Customer Service. Focus, 1-2. Kaplan, B. (2006). Delivering customer service in a time of crisis. CRM Today,  January. Keizer, G. (2009). Apple tops annual customer satisfaction survey, but lead shrinks.  Computer World. Available at; computerworld.com/s/article/9136758/Apple_tops_annual_customer_satisfaction_survey_but_lead_shrinks. Levitan, B. (2004). Improving customer loyalty through proactive communication.  Consumer Interaction Solutions. Available at; tmcnet.com/call-center/0204/0204crm1.htm. Lumbue, R. (2008). Effective communication, perceived service quality, customer satisfact ion and international reputation. Uganda Scholarly, 1-300 Moore, Charles Knight, Dan. Apple Retains Lead in Customer Satisfaction, iMac  Screen Problem Resolved, 64 GB for Mac Pro and More. Available at; http://lowendmac.com/newsrev/10mnr/0212.html#2. O’Reilly, C. Anderson, J. (1980). Trust and the Communication of Performance Appraisal Information: The Effect of Feedback on Performance and Satisfaction. Human Communication Research, 6, 290-298. Prasaad, S. (2009). Establishing successful customer relationships through effective communication: An Indian perspective. Marketing and Management Communication, 64, 1-71 Purdue, G. (2008). Inside Mobile: How Apple MobileMe can Improve Its data sychronisation and data-sharing service. eWEEK.com, August, 1 Szmigin, I. (2003). Understanding the Consumer. New Delhi: Response Books.

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Selection Process for Expatriates

Selection Process for Expatriates Chapter 2 Literature Review: In this chapter researcher tried to discuss all the related studies which are done in past and are available in literature. A lot of work has been done in the literature on the topic of selection. Before proceeding to the actual topic it is necessary to look at the different methods of selection which an organization uses and see that what are the different techniques and criteria which are used for the selection of staff. 2.1 Selection: Moore (2006) discussed this as the selection is the whole process which includes choosing the right candidate for the position from those persons who have been recruited. This involves testing and evaluating the skills of an individual is required for the particular job. According to Dessler (2000) the selection is the process in which the recruited individual is whittled down by using screening tools like assessment centers, interviews, and different tests. 2.2 Expatriate selection: According to (Dowling, Welch, Schuler, 1999, pg: 154) Multinationals take great care in their selection process, however predicting future performance potential of the concerned staff is challenging at the best of times especially operating in foreign environments adds another level of uncertainty. The expatriate selection process results in higher cost to the multinationals including relocation process, allowance and accommodation apart from the training costs. (Hailey 2000, pg; 90) During the expatriate selection process, 02 conflicting forces operate within the expatriates mind. One that pulls the employee into moving to the new place, the other tends to stop him from going (Baruch 2005, pg 129). 2.3 Importance of an Expatriates and International Assignments: The world is globalizing very rapidly and change has become necessary for the organization to survive and to gain competitive advantage internationally. According to Harris and Brewster, (1999) the rapidly globalizing world has increased the need for the international assignments and many of the organizations started considering international management experience for the top management. So the international assignments are becoming an important part for the success of an organization to gain competitive advantage. As discussed by Chen, Tzeng Tang, 2005 that organizations internationalize their operation to gain success and to increase its market value internationally and for this purpose an organization needs effective expatriate who can perform its task properly. In this new era the importance of expatriate has increased because expatriates are the ones who can give an organization proper international exposure and make the organization successful. 2.4 Selection Process: One of the most studied areas for the expatriate selection is the selection process of the expatriate. The selection of expatriate has always been difficult procedure for the multinational organizations. Swaak quotes one HR executive who said. â€Å"My job is to find people in a hurry.† So this system is highly crisis-oriented and unsophisticated. Swaak, (1995) further confirms the problems for the nature of the selection process. Still and Smith (1997) report the results of Australian research, which shows that there were a number of different ways through which expatriates were selected. They studied that the most impressive and important form of selection or evaluation of the expatriate was recommendation of the person by the line manager including chief executive officer or specialist persons. Mostly expatriates in the multinational organizations in a knee-jerk reaction to the need to fill a new or unexpected vacancies overseas. Actually there are well informed intercultural trainers or a good HR professional who selects the expatriates but basically it is HR department within multinational organization who selects the expatriate finally. Managements choose the most technical and competent candidates which makes the expatriates successful internationally. Shilling, (1993 pg 58) 2.5 Types of selection Process: * Psychometric Tests * Assessment Centers * Coffee machine system 2.5.1 Psychometric Tests: According to Passmore, 2008 Psychometrics are the widely used testing method for the selection of the employee and personal development. The psychological test is always important for the selection of the employee especially for the selection of an international manager. According to the validity of psychological tests is disputed. According to Sparow and Brewster (2007) the psychologists the variation between the different natured job test is very small (Schmidt and Hunter, 1998). According to a survey done by The Graduate Recruitment in 2007 two third or about 67 percent of 219 respondents surveyed said that the results of psychometric test had some influence on recruiting and selection decisions, and 24 percent said that it has strong influence, and only 2 percent said that these test does not have any influence. So the above shows the importance of psychometric tests. According to Sparow and Brewster (2007) psychological assessment increasingly involves the application of tests i n different cultural contexts, either in a single country or different countries. Now a day the demand of cross cultural assessment test is increasing due to the increasing factor of globalization to gain competitive advantage in international market. According to Mendenhall and Oddou, 1985 one of the important option for evaluating the selection process is the use of psychological tests and evaluation devices. There are number of instruments available to measure the stress level of an individual. In 2.1 the real importance of psychometric test is shown. Psychometric tests are reliable that the selected person will be the one on whom one can rely. And obviously these kinds of tests are valid for any kind of job. The most important point in this test is that it does not include any biasness and the selectors cannot show the biasness while selecting on the basis of psychometric tests. These tests are also standard for different jobs. All the above mentioned qualities and factors involve in the psychometric tests. In other words one can say that almost all the abilities present in an individuals mind can be noticed, and the end result will always ends up in the right selection of expatriate. 2.5.2 Assessment Centre: As the assessment centers are considered to be one of the best selection techniques so according to Sparow and Brewster assessment centers will be the best idea as a selection technique to assess the competency of international managers. This is rarely the case, however. According to sparrow (1999) Even where assessment centers are used to select the managers in international settings, the key cross cultural assessment centers seems to be to design the assessment process so that it is very adaptable to local environment in which it will be operated. So there is need of cross culture assessment centers in which international managers can be assessed accordingly with the changing environment. Krause and Gebert (2003) have done study on international literature on the conception, operation and evaluation of assessment centers. He examined 281 German firms whose language was German and he compares them with the previously studied firms of United States of America. Study showed that both the American and German firms use the assessment centers but the purpose of some of them was different from the basics. For example the competencies assessed for job analysis might be identified through the use of interviews with job incumbents in 79% of US firms and only 39% of German firms. Most of the German firms rely on interviews for the selection of international managers or expatriates. So the assessment centers are considered to be an important process for expatriate selection. 2.5.3 Coffee Machine System This system was the idea of Harris and Brewster (1999) the key findings of the study show the reality of the selection process for expatriate selection in the organizations. In many organizations the selection process falls under what we call ‘coffee machine system and this system is the most common form of expatriate selection. What happens is that the senior line manager is standing by the coffee machine when he/she is joined by the colleague: ‘Hows it going? ‘Oh, you know, overworked and underpaid. Actually Jimmy in Mumbai has just fallen ill and is being flown home. I dont know who I can choose to work over there at very short notice of time. It is driving me crazy. ‘Have you met Simon on the fifth floor? he is working in the same line of work. He is very good and bright and looks like going a long way. He was telling me that he and his wife had great holiday in Goa a couple of years ago. He seems to like India. Could be worthy to speak to him. Hey, thanks I will check and speak to him. ‘No problem. They dont seem to be able to improve this coffee though, do they? What happen in the organization next is that the manger will take some decision and will have informal discussion with his seniors about Simon and then that man will be called and interviewed and selected for the required position. Accordingly HR department and financial department will be involved in the process and the formal and systematic process will be started. This method is rarely used in the organizations in particular cases when there is an urgent need to fill the position of expatriate. 2.6 Niche Assessments According to Bolt (2008) many assessment venders specialize in certain niches and offer off-the-shelf products to meet clients testing needs. However, vendors can find such persons or individuals for the company who can fit in the organizations new environment and can coop with the new organizations culture. Testing is the most important part of the application process of the candidate because testing gives the good idea of the individuals abilities and competencies. 2.7 Factors involved in selection Process: There are number of factors which affect the performance of expatriate. Dowling, Welch, Schuler, (1999) recognised some of the important and most affective factors and these are the factors which involved to determine an appropriate expatriate selection process. All the factors are shown in a model below. 2.7.1 Technical Ability: According to Hays, 1971 All expatriates are assigned abroad to complete some task weather its building a dam, running some business, or teaching it all depends on the personal technical ability to perform that task. Obviously it is important to consider the individuals personal ability to perform the required task assigned to the expatriate. So in selection it is another important area which needs to look at. Different research findings show that the multinational organization give a lot of importance to the technical abilities of the individuals going abroad for international assignments at the time of their selection. According to Harvey and Novicevic, (2001) technical and functional expertise has been the primary criterion for selecting expatriate managers for assignments. Hixon found that the selection was based on technical ability and willingness to reside abroad. If the individual is selected without keeping in view its technical ability. It can create the big problems for the multinational organizations to complete its related task or assignment. Reinforcing the emphasis on technical skills is the relative ease with which the multinational may assess the potential candidates potential, since technical and managerial competence can be determined on the basis of past performance of the individual who is going to be selected as expatriate. In fact domestic selection cannot be equal to the international selection but person can be selected on the basis of past domestic records which he has performed domestically as the basic criteria is always the same in all the multinational organizations so on the basis of past abilities there should not be any problem for the organizations to select the expatriates. This approach is also found by Foster and Johnsen, (1996) who report the results of the research into the expatriate selection practices for the newly internationalized UK organizations which shows that organizations keep in view the technical skills, and pr evious domestic records while selecting expatriate for international assignments. 2.7.2Cross Cultural Suitability: The environment and the culture where an expatriate is going is an important factor for an expatriate. So the selectors of the expatriates should always consider the factor of culture for the expatriate. Although these factors does not guarantee for an expatriate for his successes but if these factors are not considered it can lead it towards the failure of expatriate. If the culture is considered then it is always important to study the Hofsteds dimensions for cross culture and Trompenaars dimensions so these researches are explained in detail as follows. 2.7.3 Culture: Culture is always important for any expatriate selection, so it is very necessary for HR managers and selectors to keep the factor of culture in view while selecting expatriate for international assignments. There have been a lot of studies on culture and there are a lot of different definitions of culture some of them are given below. (Kluckholn Strodtbeck 1952) define culture as, â€Å"a set of basic assumptions-shared solutions to universal problems of external adaptation (and internal integration- which have evolved over time and are handed down from one generation to the next. The life style of people living in the society is called culture it includes the social, economical, political, religious, life style of the individuals in the country. According to Drennan, 1992 â€Å"whatever is going around is called culture.† Culture is the way of life of a group of people. There are obvious differences between the different cultures such as language, dress, religion, beliefs, and behaviours of the people, and there are also implicit differences between the two cultures such as in values, assumptions about how things should be. So these different degrees of explicitness are often called the culture. ScullionLinehan, (2005) So the culture is very important factor for the selection of expatriate because the individuals move from one culture to another culture for the completion of their assignment. 2.7.4 Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions Greet Hofstedes cultures consequences (1980, 2001) explores the differences in thinking and social action at the country level between members of 50 nations and three regions. Hofstede originally used IBM employees answers to company attitude survey conducted twice, around 1968 and 1972. The survey generated more than 116,000 questionnaires with the number of respondents used in the analysis being approximately 30,000 in 1969 and 41000 in 1973. Hofstede identified and validated four cultural dimensions from respondents patterned answers. For each dimension, he presented possible origins as well as predictors and consequences for management behavior. Hofsteds four dimensions are as follows 1. Power Distance 2. Uncertainty Avoidance 3. Individualism versus Collectivism 4. Masculinity versus Femininity Another dimension which is fifth dimension presented by Michael Bond is Long term versus Short term Orientation was subsequently developed from a research to accommodate non-western orientations and has been adopted from the Chinese Culture Connection study. Power distance: The dimension indicates the extent up to which extend a society expects and a high degree of inequality in institutions and organizations. It refers to the relationship between supervisors and subordinates. It reflects the extent to which the less powerful members of organisations expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. In organisations illustration of a high power distance score is generally represented as a highly vertical hierarchical pyramid. Subordinates are often told or ordered about a particular task but they are not normally entitled to discuss the decision made by the top management so basically the meaning of power distance is that higher the person in hierarchy the more difficult will be this person to approach. So there are some barriers for that person to see their top management. The barriers can be of different ways like the person barriers or the employee is not allowed to see the top manager or they are not allowed to attend the high m anagerial level meetings in which decisions are made. So basically power distance shows the distance between a supervisor and his employee. Uncertainty avoidance: This refers to the degree to which a society prefers predictability, security and stability. According to Hofsted the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations. He argued that high uncertainty avoidance is expressed for example by a companys need for regulations which tends to minimize in the behaviour of its employees. Company rules are such thing which cannot be broken by the employees even if he think that breaking the rule is in companys best interest in such sort of environment the work stress is more and uncertainty avoidance is high. On the other hands if the employees are less affected by uncertainty is called low uncertainty avoidance. Individualism-Collectivism: this dimension relates to the extent to which people prefer to take care of themselves and their immediate families rather than being bound to some wider collectively such as extended family. Hofsted ask the IBM individuals that how important is to keep in view his work goals rather than the organisation. If there is preferred work goals stress dependence on organisation. For example good physical working condition, good ventilation enough space individualism in the work place can be seen. Collectivism can be seen in preference of collective organisation. Masculinity-Femininity: Masculine societies value assertiveness, competitiveness and materialism as opposed to the feminine values of relationships and the quality of life. Males tend to express preferences for assertiveness recognition when doing good job. On the other hand females prefer the aspect of interpersonal work. Michele Bonds Research about cultural dimensions: Another dimension which is mentioned above is Long-term versus Short -term Orientation. In 1987 a questionnaire was developed by Michele bond with the project Chinese Culture Connection (CCC). He developed a questionnaire representing fundamental and basic values of Chinese people. This questionnaire was then given to the students of 23 Asian and non Asian countries. The statistical analysis developed four different dimensions. Three out of four were same as it was of Hofsteds the fifth was different from Hofsted. 2.7.5 Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner Like Hofsted Trompenaar also studied different dimensions of cultures. According to him different culture deals with different universal problems. He proposed three problems which are as follows 1. Social Interaction 2. Passage of time 3. Relationship to the Environment These cultural dimensions describe the characteristics that each culture provides an answer to three fundamental problems. In multinational and international organizations cultural dimensions will be based on the the responses of the managers. The dimensions found by the Tropenaar and Hampden is discussed in detail as below. 2.7.6 Trompennars Cultural Dimensions The Trompenaars cultural dimensions are discussed as follows. Neutral versus Affective: This dimension is particularly based on the certain situation. Trompenaar measured this dimension with the particular question which was how would you behave if you face any problem at work and you feel upset about it? Would you express your feelings openly before other peoples? The answers and responses were different from different countries. The resulting cultural dimension tells us that in particular countries emotion is being displayed together with rationale arguments. This may be confusing for the people coming from the culture where rational argument is provided instead of emotions so that dimension was recognized by Tropmpanaar Individualism versus Communitarianism: this dimension of trompanaar resembles to the dimension of Hofsted which is on employees. This dimension mainly focuses on employees goals within an organization the way they work within an organization and their responsibilities. Universalism versus Practiclarism: This dimension is about the personal behavior and its implement on universal rules for example not telling lie and following the rules and regulations. People can either consider that principles apply whatever the situation, or specificity of each situation determines whether one should apply them or not. Achievement versus Ascription: This dimension is tells us about the personal achievement of the employees within an organization. In the work environment which is achievement versus ascription the employees judge themselves at their own and make decisions. They are also motivated to work more good and to work more hard within the organization. Specify versus Diffuseness: this type of dimension tells us that in most of the cultures the people compartmentalize themselves and divide their work in different phases. Being good friend at work does never means that they should know each other family and of course for good relatives its not necessary to know their work environment. For example a manager will never meet its subordinate while playing golf, he will instead meet some golf coach or golf specialist to improve his game. So that is kind of culture which describe such kind of dimension. Sequential versus Synchronic the time is divided in to two main themes to perform in certain time frame and orientation. Hall, 1959 introduced monochromic and polychromic. Monochrony is a perception that time is linear sequential and definite whereas Polychrony is a perception that time is multilinear. So these two types of times differ for two different cultures. Trompenaars, 1993 develops these themes regarding their implication for action made sequentially or synchronically in an organization. Inner versus Outer Directedness: This dimension reflects the belief either that individuals can control and influence their environment or that they limited ability to do so. Consequences for management are reflected for example in strategic plan either they will tend to plan and provoke changes or try to take best advantage of the available situation. 2.7.7 Family Requirements: Family factors composed of five criteria: marital status, children, spouses attitude, spouses employment and spouse adjustment (Chen, TzengTang, 2005). It is always important for the HR department of MNE to consider the personal life of an expatriate. So the contribution of the family particularly spouse plays an important role for the success of an expatriate for the completion of international assignment. Black and Stephens examined the influence of the spouse on American expatriate adjustment. They surveyed 220 U.S expatriates and their spouses working in Japan, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, they found that the adjustment of the expatriate working abroad for international assignment is positively related to the spouses adjustment. The adjustment of the spouse is highly correlated with the adjustment of the expatriate. Likewise there was an Australian research into the psychological impact of relocation on the partners of 58 expatriate managers. They found that the decisions which were ma de by most of the expatriates to relocate highly depend on the decision of his partner. The above two mentioned researches show that the family of the expatriate highly depends upon the settlement of expatriate abroad. 2.7.8 Country/Cultural Requirements: The host country may be an important determinant. Some regions and countries are hard to adjust like the remote areas away from the cities, or the war zone countries and now days there are some countries which are not safe as far as terrorism is concerned. Accompanying the family members will again be a big responsibility for the multinational organizations. In most of the countries where it is very hard for the Europeans to go for example the country like Saudi Arabia has got the culture according to which women have to cover their heads and cover them properly so it will be a bit hard for the family of western expatriate to adjust in that culture. Or this can be vice versa as well. Weather is another important factor for the countries and it is a bit hard for the expatriates to adjust themselves in the different weather from their host country. Black and Mandenhall (1990) argued about the cross cultural adjustment cross cultural adjustment that it can be facilitated if the expatria tes have awareness of the norms and behaviors of the host country. 2.7.9 MNE Requirements: Multinational may consider the proportion of expatriates to local staff when making selection decisions mainly as an outcome of its staffing philosophy. However the requirements of the different MNEs is different or they may be require to use PCNs and TCNs, obviously this will react to the selection decision for the multinational organisations. Other situational factors are as follows The mode of operation involved: Selecting staff to work in an international joint venture may involve major input from the local partner, and be constrained by the negotiated agreement on selection processes. Duration of assignment: Family members tend to accompany an expatriate when the assignment is only for three to six months duration, so family requirements may not be a strong factor in the selection decision. International training development In above 2.3 the whole process of expatriation is shown it starts from the recruitment and selection, once the right person is chosen for the right job then the most important step of training starts which is directly related to the pre departure step for expatriation then the process of development of the process starts which ends up in making of an international team when an expatriate is fully trained then they are told about the nature of assignment. 2.7.10 Language: Language is another important aspect when adjusting away from home country. This ability is often linked with the cross cultural ability. For an expatriate it is necessary to learn a bit of language of the country where he is going to accomplish its assignment. According to Tung knowledge of host countrys language is important for functional head and operative jobs. According to victor (1992) difference in languages is the major barrier for the international assignments. But according o some studies and researches in the past the language sometimes is not very much important for expatriates completing their international assignments. In terms of other selection criteria the factor of language is placed lower down when looking into the factors for the expatriate selection process. As done by the price water house research 1998 they placed language at third place while determining the factors for the expatriate selection. Basically language is not any problem for the selection of expat riate where the host country speaks the same language so the problem occurs when the expatriate has to be select for the non English speaking language. But now a day the English has now become an international language and it is necessary for an international manger to learn the English language to communicate even in the non English speaking countries. 2.8 Strategic choices in expatriate selection: As we have seen above the factors which need to be kept under consideration while selecting expatriates for international assignment. The process of selection is basically used to fill the international positions of the organisation. The organisation faces several strategic choices during selection process. The strategic choices are mentioned as follows. * Internal recruitment versus external recruitment. * Individuals versus teams. * Technical qualifications versus other selection criteria. * Extrinsic rewards versus intrinsic rewards. The above mentioned strategic represent two opposite extremes on a continuum. The majority of the decisions fall in between the two extreme strategies. 2.8.1 Internal versus external recruitment Interesting findings by the recent study on expatriate selection is that there is shortage of international managers, due to growing concern of international mobility (Scullion, 1994). The shortage of international managers creates problems in expatriate selection. From an organisations point of view the selection decision is made under circumstances where the organisation has a lot of applications looking for the job of international managers. Brewster and Scullion 1997 suggested that availability of the international managers seems to be the critical variable in acceptance of international assignment The above discussion tells us that it is not always necessary that the required managers or expatriates are always available within the organisation to overcome this shortage of the managers the organisation then find some external sources to fill up the position. According to the study by Torbion 1982 and Scullion 1994 most of the organisations mostly rely on the internal sources of the organisation to fill up this position. On the other hand Boyacigiller 1990 suggested that the external market is always full of required talented managers who can work as an international manager. Here comes a very interesting question that why the most of the researcher emphasis mostly on internal selection of the international managers? The answer which click in mind is that internal selection makes the task easy for the selectors and HR managers while selecting the expatriates because as a member of organisation most of the selectors know their performance and abilities of the individuals working within an organisation. So this can give them benefit to select the expatriate with the required abilities. The internal selection of international managers becomes reliable when strategic purpose of the assignment is co-ordination and control of operations. This point was discussed by Black, et al 1992 by saying that for the good co-ordination for an expatriate in global market requires assignments of the people with broad experience in the firm including a lot of contacts within the firm. 2.8.2 Case study Barclaycard International (centralized control and recruitment primarily for overseas labour markets.) â€Å"Barclays introduced its first credit card in the United Kingdom named as Barclaycard and now Barclays has one of the major global credit card businesses which have speedy growth approach. Outside the UK, it operates in the United States, Germany, Greece, Italy, Sweden, Norway Portugal, Ireland, France, Asia Pacific, and across Africa. Barclays is currently looking to have alliances with Standard Bank of South Africa, acquisition of Juniper Financial Corporation and a series of in-country launches. Barclays employed 3000 staff, and it had 15 per cent based in the UK. To enable development, Barclaycard International recruited a group of people management process to bring firmness, management and good organization of people. Challenges were different in the different cultures depending upon the country, culture and business market of the country. The basic and first age